Von Neumann Computer Architecture Information Technology Essay

Von Neumann Computer Architecture Information Technology Essay The Von Neumann Computer is a digital pc that storing the data in a single separate way and it use a processing unit. A digital computer keeps its program in instruction with its data as well. The Von Neumann Computer named after name of computer scientist John von Neumann. 5 Internal Components: Description of each components, how they are connected to Mother Board, Diagram. Hard Disk: Hard disk is a magnetic disk that allows you to store your computer data, a hard disk consist of several platters, which every individual platter is able to read and write. The hard disk is connected to the motherboard by ribbon cable (ATA66/100). Random Access Memory (RAM: It is type of computer memory but it can be accessed randomly, RAM is very fast to read than any storage device in a PC. As long as your computer is running the data store in a RAM but when the computer turns off, Ram will lose its data. The Ram connected to the motherboard by small circuit, in the motherboard there is two circuit places which is one for inline memory and the second is duel inline memory. Processor: Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) it is part of computer system and in easy way it is a brain of computer the job of CPU in a computer is to give a instruction for any computer program the processor is connected to the motherboard directly. Graphic Card: It is a bridge between processor and other devices to send command and gets back the signal, the Graphic Card is connected throw the expansion slot which is in the Motherboard. 5 External Components: Description, how are they connected? Eg Ports, USB, etc. Diagram. Key Board: keyboard is primary way to communicate with input; you can use the keyboard to input text and data. When we press a key, it presses a button, completing the circuit and allowing an amount of current to run through and keyboards are connected by USB cable or PS2. Mouse: mouse is device which lets you work with graphical objects that the computer displays on the screen. Mouse has one button or sometimes three buttons and it have scroll wheel that enable user to scrolling long document or webpage. The Mouse is connected by USB cable or PS2. Printer: It is a device that can print text or graphic that stored in a electronic form, and it connect to the PC by USB Port. Scanner: It is a device that scans data or any text, printed page or photo you scan it to the computer and it connected to the computer by USB Port. Monitor: A Monitor is like a television but the difference is that monitor display the information produced by a computer, basically it is a screen display of a computer and it connect VGA port in a PC or in some PC by the Video card. Task 2 Describe the characteristics of the various types of internal memory of computer: What is internal memory of computer? The internal memory of computer is also part of computer devices that recoding media that keep digital data used for computing for some interval of time. What are the major types of internal memory of computer? For each type of internal memory, explain how it works and what are its major characteristics There are types of computer internal memory which is Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). Random Access Memory (RAM): It is a temporary computer internal memory and it is a space that allows us to temporarily store data when a program is running. The contents are being lost when the computer is switched off it only holds data while power is on. There are some major types of RAM which are : Rambus DRAM (RDRAM): is a serial memory technology that arrived in three flavours, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800 DRAM has doubled the maximum throughput of old, but a higher speed and it use small capacitors to store each bit of memory in an addressable format that consists of rows and columns, DRAM designs with multiple channels. SIMM chips: Single in-line memory modules (SIMMs) it is a type of solid state computer memory which is used particular for the processor cache memory. The 72-pin SIMM has a notch among the contacts in the middle. An important characteristic of RAM is that the entire memory place can be accessed at almost the same speed. Read Only Memory (ROM): Is a kind of memory that store the data permanently and it cannot be removed, eventually every computer is coming with a small amount of ROM which recorded of boot firmware, when we start our computer the ROM chips will running hardware diagnostics that will loading the operating system into RAM. Cache: The cache will make our computer more skilled and better, your computer memory, cache is extremely fast memory that store data and the data is accessible quickly and it gives quickest response to the CPU. Virtual Memory: The virtual memory task was to enable a process to operate or establish the status of pages in its virtual address space. Task 3 Explain the purpose and functions of the system busses of a computer: Explain how the internal subsystems are linked through buses and where these buses could be found inside a computer. The computer internal subsystems are connect to the busses through wire inside the computer and the data transfer throw these from one part to the another part of computer. Busses connect the entire computer component with the main memory and processor. Explain the functions of control, data, and address busses. What is bus width and what is the effect of the bus width on the bus performance? The architecture of buses is a wire inside a computer which data is transfer from one part to another part inside the computer, the purpose of buses is to connect the entire computer component to the processor and to the central memory. Busses are dividing into two parts the Data busses and Address busses. The function of data busses is to transfer the data and the function of address busses is to give direction to data where to go. Bus width is a canal that information is flowing; when the bus width is wider it is beneficial for busses because more information can flow in more speedy time. What is a motherboard chip set? With use of a diagram, explain what is the role and characteristics of the North and South Bridge of a motherboard. It is a specific chip in a computer that calls motherboard chipset. The Northbridge is core logical in a computer motherboard and its role is to hold communication with RAM, BIOS ROM, PCI and CPU. The South Bridge job is to manage the basic of input/output These include all hard drive and expansion slots, USB, FireWire, RAID, audio codes, real-time system clock, system power management, interrupt controller, direct memory access (DMA) controller, and non-volatile BIOS memory. Task 4 Describe, with the aid of diagrams, what are the components and the structure of CPU and how CPU works: What is the CPU of a modern computer and what are the CPU components? The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer that gives function to a computer programme. Every time when CPU doing a job there is a stored code in the computers memory that instructs the CPU what to do. CPU needs to decode the instruction code to find what it needs to do finish the task. After the CPU solve the code, the CPU will start to perform calculation and the result whether it store the result back in memory, to hard drive, or the computer display. The way that we can understand how powerful a process is by the number of instruction that a CPU can execute per second. The CPU components are: Logic or Arithmetic unit (ALU) it performs calculations, there are four types of function that ALU do and it depends on these to perform and they are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division even registering and instruction. Register or the memory which stores the data, it tell CPU where the information is located, also its a temporary storage areas for instructions or data and they are not part of the memory. Register hold and transfer instructions. Register operate faster than a Ram, normally register assess by bit like 32 bits. Control unit which give direction to the data around the CPU by sending control signals and its job is to control the data that executed by the ALU, also the Control Unit keeping communicate with ALU and system memory. Use a diagram to explain the components of CPU CPU Components Diagram Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers Control Unit Input Device Secondary Storage Output Device Explain shortly the Fetch Execute Cycle of CPU referring to its components and RAM. Fetch Execute Cycle of CPU it is an order of actions that the central processing unit (CPU) perform to execute each machine code instruction in a program. There are five register in the Fetch Execute Cycle which are: The Instruction Register that hold the solved and executed last instruction. The memory buffer register that use to get data from memory. The memory address registers that to be use when a word is transferred between memory and MBR. The accumulator job is to hold the result of ALU for the time being and the programme counter that hold the address of the next instruction to be fetched from memory.

Dickens, Thurber, Andersen, London and Perseus :: science

Dickens, Thurber, Andersen, London and Perseus As far back as I can remember, my mind has always thought and learned by association. My brain fancifully connects things like computer terminals and bus terminals, Indian reservations with plane ticket confirmations, and carpetbaggers with rug stealers. Don’t ask me why, but I think I get bored with ordinary human communications and then lapse into my imaginary fantasy’ association world, finding it much more fascinating than the nightly news, soap operas and talking head yakety-yak cable tabloid shows. Because my cerebrum delights in working by making bizarre associations, whenever my mind thinks of Charles Dickens, the great English author is filed and classified in a â€Å"mental cabinet† along with James Thurber, Hans Christian Andersen, Jack London and the mythical ancient Greek hero, Perseus. All of these personages had to overcome trials, tribulations and adversity. They elevated themselves above grief and ridicule, stayed focused on their goals and were not defeated by an abundance of criticism and rejection. They were motivated by failure. Charles Dickens’ (1812-1970) father had great financial difficulties. The boy had a rather miserable childhood, and the lad spent much of his time in poorhouses and workhouses. Did poverty overwhelm Charles Dickens? Was his negative environment to blame for an unproductive and fruitless life? No it wasn’t. Dickens retreated into his imaginary world and incisively wrote about the need for social reform in what later became such literary classics such as Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. James Thurber (1894-1961) ranks as one of America’s most popular humorists. He is most renowned for his short story â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† a meek, absent-minded hen-pecked’ character who suffers the sharp-tongued ire of a dominant bossy wife. Thurber’s stories and self-drawn cartoons appeared for over thirty years in the New Yorker magazine. James Thurber had been blinded in one eye in a childhood accident, and then he lost vision in his other eye in later life. Despite those hardships, the author still continued his storytelling pursuits and even appeared late in life as himself in a popular Broadway play The Thurber Carnival. Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) was born in a small fishing village in Denmark. (If a last name ends in sen, the person is probably from Denmark; in son, probably from Sweden). At age fourteen Andersen journeyed to Copenhagen to pursue either an acting or writing career. He auditioned as an opera singer, was a humiliating failure and spent the next three years anguishing in abject poverty.

MOTORBUS Company: Que Sera Sera Essay

I. Point of View This study should be observed in the perspective of Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta. His situation is very critical since all of the burdens of the Maintenance Department are lying on his shoulders. Therefore, the researcher should specifically view themselves as Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta in considering some solutions and recommendation and finally offer the proper, distinct and probable plan of action. II. Time Context Since the company will be fielding an additional 50 new buses in a month, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta should settle all misfits and do the recommended plan of action within 30 days. That timeframe will give Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta the perfect decision that he can get to come up with a perfect solution. This problem needs a lot of thinking and analyzing. III. Statement of the Problem The MOTORBUS Company: Que Sera Sera is a route of bus from Manila via Isabela. Que Sera Sera means â€Å"What will be, will be†. Engineer Hermogenes Ancheta has just received his appointment papers from his new immediate superior, the Vice-President for Operations, he has been promoted from Assistant Manager to Manager of the Maintenance Department. After congratulating him from his promotion, his boss gave him a verbal directive that he should put some order in his department and make and make it work in the most effective and efficient manner as possible without incertitude. Engineer Ancheta has just passed the board examination for Mechanical Engineering when he joined Motorbus Company in 1993. By June 1995, he informed his former classmates at the University of Santo Tomas that he has promoted as Assistant Manager for Maintenance. He had promoted from Assistant Manager to Manager when Engineer Gaudencio Inductivo, who in turn to be at 62 years old. After the approval from VP for operations, the next day after the approval of Engineer Inductivo retirement, Engineer Ancheta received an appointment papers promoting him to be a Manager. By the time on his duty as a manager he inspect the storage room and he found the uneven supply of parts. Some parts were in excessive quantities and some important ones were inadequately stocked and the corner room contains a big volume of obsolete parts. The problem now is that how he handle the operation most effectively when he’s just new to his job, while there are 50 more buses added in the route for 100 buses will servicing the various routes assigned to Motorbus Company. IV. Statement of the Objectives To settle the disputes with the maintenance personnel To convince the maintenance personnel to not quit their jobs To innovate and improve the old method of purchasing To fix problems regarding inadequate, excessive and obsolete parts in the stock room V. Areas of Consideration Engineer Hermogenes Ancheta as a Mechanical Engineering Graduate he then work in a Motorbus Company as Assistant Manager of Maintenance Department. By the year 1993 when he joined the Motorbus Company, he passed the Board Examination for Mechanical Engineering course. He then informed his former classmate from University of Santo Tomas by year 1995 as he promoted Assistant Manager for Maintenance. The former Manager of the Department Engineer Gaudencio Inductivo, joined the company since it started the operations in 1989. A total of ten buses began plying the Manila-Isabela route. A maintenance unit was put up the Manila in Sampaloc. Another unit serves the Ilagan, Isabela terminal. Each unit has a full-time mechanic and one assistant. When a company bus comes in for repair, the mechanic diagnoses the various automotive systems in the bus and later produces a list of parts needing replacement. The mechanic sends the list to Engineer Inductivo, who, in turn, forwards the same to the company accountant for approval of the purchase request. Often times, Engineer Inductivo performs the actual purchasing himself. Later, he sends the purchased items to the mechanic who made the request. The maintenance units were operating normally until 40 new buses were procured by the company in 1993. Since then, every maintenance was so busy that they threatened to quit their jobs unless additional mechanics and assistants were recruited. By the end of 1993, each unit has a personnel complement of 5 mechanics and 5 assistants. But with current developments, the old method of purchasing was not improved. Purchase request started to embroiled, the file endorsed become discreet. Mechanic and drivers began complaining to the VP for Operations about the delays in the delivery of needed parts. The VP (Vice-President) for Operations immediately sent a note to Engineer Inductivo ordering that the problem should be resolved immediately. Engineer Inductivo was hard pressed and he could not offer an immediate solution. The next day, Engineer Inductivo informed the VP for Operations that he is requesting for the approval of his application for retirement as he is already 62 years old. The VP forwarded the request to the President with an endorsement justifying the request. On the same day, the request for retirement was approved. The next day, Engineer Ancheta received his appointment papers promoting him to Manager. During his first appointment as a Manager the first thing Engineer Ancheta did was to inspect the storage room for parts. He found out that the room was full of uneven supply of parts. Some parts were of excessive quantities, while some important ones were inadequately stocked. A corner of the room  contains a big volume of obsolete parts. At the end of the day, Engineer Ancheta was informed by the VP that the company will be fielding an additional 50 new buses within 30 days. This will mean that by next month about 100 buses will be servicing the various routes assigned to Motorbus Company. Engineer Ancheta is now mulling over how he will make the operations of his department as efficient and effective as possible. The areas of consideration are the ongoing disagreement with the maintenance personnel, the old system of purchasing applied in the company and the mountain of problems about the inventory of parts. VI. Assumptions â€Å"What will be, will be†, this is the meaning of Que Sera Sera was derived from a Spanish song. So, this is the word that really bind in his mind with the luck that came up with Engineer Hermogenes Ancheta that he became appointed Assistant Manager to Manager. For that case it will happen someday in advance that Engineer Ancheta will become the Manager of the Motorbus Company and that what will be happened after the retirement of Engineer Gaudencio Inductivo. For what happened to Engineer Ancheta is a time of luck that he knew someday he will become a Manager for he work a good Assistant Manager so the company President trusted him so much that he will be the next to be appointed as a Manager of Maintenance Department because he already knew how to run and operate the business pertaining to Motorbus Company most effectively in good service. As a new appointed Manager Engineer Ancheta work literally honest in his field of work so that the VP for Operations trusted him and for that time, the company will be fielding of 50 new additional buses. This means that the business was keep on growing for the President put the trust on Engineer Ancheta to handle the operations to make efficient and good service for the various routes using 100 buses assigned to Motorbus Company. This is what really the analysis that Engineer Ancheta is a successful upon doing his Job. VII. Alternative Courses of Action (ACA) For Engineer Ancheta since he’s just new on the job as appointed Manager, he must pondered on focusing in the operations of the Motorbus Company to be adequate enough to work with it efficient and more effective bus servicing through the Philippines. As a manager he must need to know the employee under his supervision like mechanic, asistant that they might work with no other reasons for them to give their support to the company. This is just giving him the idea that he need a better employee which has no other alternatives just to work with the company with their full time basis. For that reason they may work efficiently if they work together in helping each other in the company to support their needs to have a better foundation of Motorbus business infrastructure. They must conduct an additional training for the new employee that they may hire, just to make sure that the bus route will do a better service in travelling back to back to its destinations. The mechanic should had their support as a maintenance that every unit must be checked before they move on to their destinations. What will be, will be, that’s the theme that this company appparently symbolized. The determination of continous focus on the job is the best thing to do. VIII. Conclusion/Recommendation There you can see to it that the business shown an increase in numbers of buses and same as usual with the profit they will also gain a better than what they had recently when Engineer Inductivo’s in charge with the Management of the Motorbus Company. Aside from that, when Engineer Ancheta is appointed as a new Manager he’s now on his way to make a decision like a real boss of the company, for that case his order is the way that the President of Operations will be respected. For the President knew that he is  an honest manager to be appointed to handle the operations pertaining with the Maintenance Department. Furthermore, I recommend that they must need another hired of new employee since the addition of a 40 new buses to be added on the route assigned to Motorbus company. No one should be able to quit, that he must need to convince his employee under his supervision as a result of a good performance in the part of a workforce. IX. Plan of Action The first step for Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta is to set up a meeting on his department. In this meeting, he will lay all of his proposition for the problems present in the department. To settle the dispute on maintenance personnel, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta must hire additional personnel and staff since the company needs more manpower in 30 days. For the improvement of the old method of purchasing, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta Mallari is to ask his sons and to influence them and ask Lastly, to fix problems regarding inadequate, excessive and obsolete parts in the stock room, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta must perform an inventory. If there isn’t enough supply, the department must list all of the inadequate tools. If there is an excess, there is choice of just putting it in the stock room or the department can also sell it to retailers. And for the obsolete parts, they must be sold to junk shops.

Genetically Modified Foods And Their Effects On Human...

In 2004, Jeffrey Smith wrote an article about genetically modified (GM) foods and their effects on human behavior especially on the behavioral growth of children. He claims that GM foods lead to aggressive and violent behavior among children and hence, should be banned from schools. He supported his claim with the findings from two experiments - one was conducted by the students of 2nd grade and the other experiment was conducted by one student in Holland. Both experiments were conducted on two groups of mice – where one group was fed processed junk food and the other group was fed nutritious whole food. Results of two experiments indicated aggressive and violent behaviors among mice who were fed processed junk food. Consequently, author held GM foods, which are present in processed foods in the form of corn and soy, responsible for the aggressive and violent behaviors among mice. I do think that Smith has failed to provide sufficient evidence to support his claim. He has reac hed a significantly strong conclusion based on only two experiments. My understanding of the subject is entirely different than what Mr. Smith has portrayed; henceforth, I don’t agree with him and intend to rebut his claim. Till present, no study has established coherently that GM foods lead to violent or aggressive behavior among children or among humans for that matter. In fact, GM foods have been associated with many benefits, which shall be discussed throughout this paper. In short, GM foods doShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms And Its Effects971 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified organisms has affected 50% of children in the United States to suffer chronic diseases, and 21% of children to have developmental disorders. This epidemic stems from the fact that GMOs cause damage to nature and humanity by destroying ecosystems, by being toxic when eaten, and by spreading its genes to organisms that has not yet been modified genetically. 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